Treating worm in children
By Kemi Olatunde
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Many parents don’t really give attention to deworming their children based on reasons best known to them. Most of the time, hese parents are not at fault, they have little or no knowledge about it.
World Health Organization estimates that 241 million children between the ages of 1 and 14 are at risk of parasitic intestinal worms in India, known as Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). These children represent approximately 68% of children in this age-group and approximately 28% of the number of children estimated to be at-risk of STH infections globally.
STH transmission
There are three main types of STH that infect people: roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus andAncylostoma duodenale).
Adult worms live in human intestines for food and survival where they produce thousands of eggs each day.
Infected people who defecate outdoors spread worm eggs in their feces.
Subsequently, the eggs contaminate the soil which can spread infection in several ways:
Attached to vegetables that are ingested when the vegetables are not carefully cooked, washed or peeled;
Ingested from contaminated water sources;
Ingested by children who play in soil and then put their hands in their mouths without washing them.
Symptoms of infection
Regular treatment of at-risk populations will reduce the intensity of infection and protect infected individuals from morbidity.
The greater the amount of worms in an individual (intensity), the more symptoms the infected individual will have.
People with light infections usually have no symptoms.
Heavier infections can cause a range of symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weakness.
Loss of appetite.
Harms associated with having worms
Effect of STH on the nutritional status of children
Worms impair the nutritional status of people they infect in multiple ways:
Worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein and often contributes to anaemia.
Worms can increase the malabsorption of nutrients; roundworm may compete for Vitamin A in the intestine.
Some worms can cause a loss of appetite, reducing nutritional intake and physical fitness.
Some worms can cause diarrhea and dysentery.
Development and educational consequences of worms in children
Worms have negative effects on the mental and physical development of children. Children with worms are often underweight and have stunted growth. Heavy infections often make children too sick or too tired to concentrate at or even attend school. Long term, children not treated for worms are shown to earn less as adults.
Effect of worms on child mortality
Intestinal worm infections affect child morbidity, not mortality. There is not rigorous evidence that suggests that worms affect child mortality but there is ample evidence that worms fundamentally affect the quality of children’s lives and negatively impact their access to health, education and livelihoods.
Prevention of infection
Infections can be prevented by taking precautions, including:
Using sanitary toilets, not defecating outside.
Keep the surroundings clean
Hand-washing, particularly before eating and after using toilets.
Wearing slippers and shoes.
Washing fruits and vegetables in safe and clean water.
Properly cooking food; Keeping cooked food covered
Always drink clean water
Deworming treatment given to children
Albendazole and Mebendazole are the names of the deworming drugs used by the Government of India and is a safe treatment for intestinal worms. The recommended dosage is as follows
For children of 2 years and upwards – : 1 tablet Albendazole (400 mg) or 1 tablet Mebendazole (500 mg)
For children of age 1 – 2 years – ½ tablet of Albendazole (400 mg) or 1 tablet of Mebendazole (500 mg)
Appropriate administration of tablets to children between the ages of 1 and 3 years is important. The tablet should be broken and crushed between 2 spoons, then safe water added to help administer the drug. The older children should chew the tablet and if required should consume some water.
Side effects of deworming treatment
The deworming treatment has very few side effects. There may be some mild side effects like dizziness, nausea, headache, and vomiting, all likely due to the worms being passed through the child’s body. These side effects disappear after some time. Side effects are usually experienced by children with high infections. If symptoms do not go away within 24 hours, or if they are very severe, the child is probably experiencing something unrelated to the treatment and should be taken to the nearest health facility.
Benefits of treatment
Rigorous studies have shown that deworming has a significant impact on the health, education and livelihoods of treated children. Outcomes of deworming can include:
Decreases anaemia and improves nutrition
Increases growth and weight gain
Improves cognition and mental and physical development
Increases resistance to other infections
Supports more frequent school attendance
Improves children’s ability to learn better and be more active in school
Increase hours worked and wages earned in the long-run in adulthood
Deworming also has important spillover effects, meaning that other members of the community who do not receive treatment benefit, as there are fewer worms in the environment. This is especially important for children who are too young to be treated but for whom worms can greatly impair cognitive development.